Domestic Violence as a Criminal Offense: Assessing the Effectiveness of Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010

Abstract

Domestic violence is a pervasive social and legal problem in Pakistan that undermines the fundamental rights, dignity, security, and equality of individuals, particularly women and children. Despite its widespread occurrence, domestic violence has historically been addressed through fragmented legal and social mechanisms, often limiting effective protection and accountability. The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010 represents an important legislative effort to provide victims with legal remedies, protection orders, residence orders, and other forms of institutional support. This research critically examines the effectiveness of the Act in treating domestic violence as a criminal and legally actionable form of abuse. Using a qualitative doctrinal approach, the study analyzes the statutory framework, judicial interpretation, enforcement mechanisms, procedural safeguards, and practical challenges associated with implementation. It evaluates whether the Act adequately addresses different forms of domestic violence and provides accessible and effective remedies to victims. The study finds that although the legislation establishes a significant legal framework for protection and prevention, gaps in enforcement, institutional capacity, victim awareness, procedural implementation, and coordination among relevant authorities weaken its practical effectiveness. The research recommends stronger enforcement mechanisms, institutional reforms, legal awareness, victim-support services, and improved judicial implementation to ensure meaningful protection against domestic violence.