Criminal Investigation and Challenges in Pakistan: IT Reforms and Comparative Analysis with USA and UK

Abstract

Criminal investigation is an essential part of the criminal justice system that helps identify offenders, collect evidence, and ensure fair prosecution. In Pakistan, the investigation system faces several challenges, including outdated methods, weak forensic facilities, limited use of technology, and institutional inefficiencies. These problems contribute to delayed justice, low conviction rates, and reduced public confidence in law enforcement agencies. In comparison, the United States and the United Kingdom have modernized their investigation systems through advanced technologies such as digital forensics, artificial intelligence, biometric identification, and centralized criminal databases. This study examines the major challenges in Pakistan’s criminal investigation system and evaluates the importance of Information Technology (IT)-based reforms in improving investigative efficiency. It also presents a comparative analysis of Pakistan, the USA, and the UK regarding investigative practices and technological development. The study concludes that effective IT reforms, improved forensic infrastructure, and professional training are necessary to modernize criminal investigations in Pakistan and strengthen transparency, efficiency, and accountability in the criminal justice system.